Selenium is a suite of tools for automated web testing. It is composed of

• Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment) : It is a tool for recording and playing back. It is

a firefox plugin

• WebDriver and RC: It provide the APIs for a variety of languages like Java, .NET, PHP, etc. With most

of the browsers Webdriver and RC works.

• Grid: With the help of Grid you can distribute tests on multiple machines so that test can be run parallel

which helps in cutting down the time required for running in browser test suites.

Web testing tools Selenium RC and WebDriver are consolidated in single tool in Selenium 2.0

In Selenium every object or control in a web page is referred as an elements, there are different ways to find
an element in a web page they are

• ID
• Name
• Tag
• Attribute
• CSS
• Linktext
• PartialLink Text
• Xpath etc

For web based application testing selenium can be used

The test types can be supported are

a) Functional

b) Regression

For post release validation with continuous integration automation tool could be used

a) Jenkins

b) Hudson

c) Quick Build

d) CruiseCont

Assertion is used as a verification point. It verifies that the state of the application conforms to what is
expected. The types of assertion are “assert” , “verify” and “waifFor”.

X-Path is used to find the WebElement in web pages. It is also useful in identifying the dynamic elements.

Single slash '/ '

Single slash ( / ) start selection from the document node

It allows you to create 'absolute' path expressions

Double Slash '// '

Double slash ( // ) start selection matching anywhere in the document

It enables to create 'relative' path expressions

Technical challenges with Selenium are

• Selenium supports only web based applications
• It does not support the Bitmap comparison
• For any reporting related capabilities have to depend on third party tools
• No vendor support for tool compared to commercial tools like HP UFT
• As there is no object repository concept in Selenium, maintainability of objects becomes difficult

TypeKeys() will trigger JavaScript event in most of the cases whereas .type() won’t. Type key populates
the value attribute using JavaScript whereas .typekeys() emulates like actual user typing

Assert: Assert allows to check whether an element is on the page or not. The test will stop on the step
failed, if the asserted element is not available. In other words, the test will terminated at the point where
check fails.

Verify: Verify command will check whether the element is on the page, if it is not then the test will carry
on executing. In verification, all the commands are going to run guaranteed even if any of test fails.

In JAVA a special form of syntactic meta-data can be added to Java source code, this is know as
Annotations. Variables, parameters, packages, methods and classes are annotated some of the JUnit
annotations which can be useful are

• Test
• Before
• After
• Ignore
• BeforeClass
• AfterClass
• RunWith

To click on specific part of element, you would need to use clickAT command. ClickAt command accepts
element locator and x, y co-ordinates as arguments- clickAt (locator, cordString).

• It supports C#, PHP, Java, Perl, Phython
• It supports different OS like Windows, Linux and Mac OS
• It has got powerful methods to locate elements (Xpath, DOM , CSS)
• It has highly developer community supported by Google

Selenium is more popular than QTP as

• Selenium is an open source whereas QTP is a commercial tool
• Selenium is used specially for testing web based applications while QTP can be used for testing client

server application also

• Selenium supports Firefox, IE, Opera, Safari on operating systems like Windows, Mac, linux etc. however

QTP is limited to Internet Explorer on Windows.

• Selenium supports many programming languages like Ruby, Perl, Python whereas QTP supports only VB

script.

Four parameters that you have to pass in Selenium are

• Host
• Port Number
• Browser
• URL

Both will delay the speed of execution.

Thread.sleep () : It will stop the current (java) thread for the specified period of time. Its done only once

It takes a single argument in integer format

Ex: thread.sleep(2000)- It will wait for 2 seconds

It waits only once at the command given at sleep

SetSpeed () : For specific amount of time it will stop the execution for every selenium command.

It takes a single argument in integer format

Ex: selenium.setSpeed(“2000”)- It will wait for 2 seconds

Runs each command after setSpeed delay by the number of milliseconds mentioned in set Speed

This command is useful for demonstration purpose or if you are using a slow web application

The "Same Origin Policy" is introduced for security reason, and it ensures that content of your site will
never be accessible by a script from another site. As per the policy, any code loaded within the browser can
only operate within that website’s domain.

To avoid "Same Origin Policy" proxy injection method is used, in proxy injection mode the Selenium
Server acts as a client configured HTTP proxy , which sits between the browser and application under test
and then masks the AUT under a fictional URL

The purpose of heightened privileges is similar to Proxy Injection, allows websites to do something that
are not commonly permitted. The key difference is that the browsers are launched in a special mode called
heightened privileges. By using these browser mode, Selenium core can open the AUT directly and also
read/write its content without passing the whole AUT through the Selenium RC server.

You can use "submit" method on element to submit formelement.

submit () ;

Alternatively you can use click method on the element which does form submission

TestNG is a testing framework based on JUnit and NUnit to simplify a broad range of testing needs, from
unit testing to integration testing. And the functionality which makes it efficient testing framework are

• Support for annotations
• Support for data-driven testing
• Flexible test configuration
• Ability to re-execute failed test cases

Implicit Wait: Sets a timeout for all successive Web Element searches. For the specified amount of time it
will try looking for element again and again before throwing a

NoSuchElementException. It waits for elements to show up.

Explicit Wait : It is a one-timer, used for a particular search.

You can use…..driver.findElements(By.xpath(“//iframe”))….

This will return list of frames.

You will ned to switch to each and every frame and search for locator which we want.

Then break the loop

Find element ():

It finds the first element within the current page using the given "locating mechanism". It returns a single
WebElement

findElements () : Using the given "locating mechanism" find all the elements within the current page. It
returns a list of web elements.

The JUnits annotation linked with Selenium are

• @Before public void method() – It will perform the method () before each test, this method can prepare the

test

• @Test public void method() – Annotations @Test identifies that this method is a test method environment
• @After public void method()- To execute a method before this annotation is used, test method must start

with test@Before

Datadriven framework: In this framework, the test data is separated and kept outside the Test Scripts,
while test case logic resides in Test Scripts. Test data is read from the external files (Excel Files) and are
loaded into the variables inside the Test Script. Variables are used for both for input values and for
verification values.

Keyworddriven framework: The keyword driven frameworks requires the development of data tables
and keywords, independent of the test automation. In a keyword driven test, the functionality of the
application under test is documented in a table as well as step by step instructions for each test.

Pass the username and password with url

Syntax-http://username:password@url

ex- http://creyate:tom@www.gmail.com

WebElement el = driver.findElement(By.id("ElementID"))

//get test from element and stored in text variable

String text = el.getText();

//assert text from expected

Assert.assertEquals("Element Text", text);

An object repository is an essential entity in any UI automations which allows a tester to store all object
that will be used in the scripts in one or more centralized locations rather than scattered all over the test
scripts.

Selenium Grid sent the tests to the hub. These tests are redirected to Selenium Webdriver, which launch
the browser and run the test. With entire test suite, it allows for running tests in parallel.

Yes. But not as effectively as a dedicated performance testing tool like Loadrunner.

Using the Selenium IDE, QA Tester can record a test to comprehend the syntax of Selenium IDE
commands, or to check the basic syntax for a specific type of user interface. Keep in mind that Selenium
IDE recorder is not clever as QA Testers want it to be. Quality assurance team should never consider
Selenium IDE as a "record, save, and run it" tool, all the time anticipate reworking a recorded test cases to
make them maintainable in the future.

Selenium IDE has many great features and is a fruitful and well-organized test automation tool for
developing test cases, in the same time Selenium IDE is missing certain vital features of a testing tool:
conditional statements, loops, logging functionality, exception handling, reporting functionality, database
testing, re-execution of failed tests and screenshots taking capability. Selenium IDE doesn't for IE, Safari
and Opera browsers.

The web applications may be written in Java, Ruby, PHP, Python or any other web framework. There are
certain advantages for using the same language for writing test cases as application under test. For
example, if the team already have the experience with Java, QA Tester could always get the piece of
advice while mastering Selenium test cases in Java. Sometimes it is better to choose simpler programming
language that will ultimately deliver better success. In this case QA testers can adopt easier programming
languages, for example Ruby, much faster comparing with Java, and can become become experts as soon
as possible.

a. Intelligent field selection will use IDs, names, or XPath as needed
b. It is a record & playback tool and the script format can be written in various languages including C#,
Java, PERL, Python, PHP, HTML
c. Auto complete for all common Selenium commands
d. Debug and set breakpoints
e. Option to automatically assert the title of every page
f. Support for Selenium user-extensions.js file

To debug or execute the test cases line by line. Follow the below mentioned steps
1. Insert a break point (see the question to know more How to insert a break point in Selenium IDE? )from
the location where you want to execute step by step
2. Run the test case
3. execution will be paused at the given break point
4. Click on the step (Blue) button to continue with the next statement
5. Click on Run button, to continue executing all the commands at a time.

Start point Selenium IDE can be set in two ways:
1. Right click on the command in Selenium IDE and select "Set / Clear Start Point"
2. Select the command in Selenium IDE and press "S" key on the keyboard
3. You can have only one start point
4. If you have already set one start point and you selected other command as start point. Then the first start
point will be removed and the new start point will be set.

Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment) works similar to commercial tools like QTP, Silk
Test and Test Partner etc.
The below mentioned points describes well about Selenium IDE.
1. Selenium IDE is a Firefox add-on.
2. Selenium IDE can support recording the clicks, typing, and other actions to make a test cases.
3. Using Selenium IDE A Tester can play back the test cases in the Firefox browser
4. Selenium IDE supports exporting the test cases and suites to Selenium RC.
5. Debugging of the test cases with step-by-step can be done
6. breakpoint insertion is possible

7. Page abstraction functionality is supported by Selenium IDE

8. Selenium IDE can supports an extensibility capability allowing the use of add-ons or user extensions that
expand the functionality of Selenium IDE.

Selenium could be used for testing the web based applications. The test types can be supported are:

1. functional,

2. regression,

3. load testing

Selenium RC allows the test automation expert to use a programming language for maximum flexibility
and extensibility in developing test logic. For example, if the application under test returns a result set and
the automated test program needs to run tests on each element in the result set, the iteration / loop support
of programming language’s can be used to iterate through the result set, calling Selenium commands to run
tests on each item. Selenium RC provides an API and library for each of its supported languages. This
ability to use Selenium RC with a high level programming language to develop test cases also allows the
automated testing to be integrated with the project’s automated build environment.